Self-Presentation and Gender on Social Networking Sites Research Paper

Self-Presentation and Gender on Social Networking Sites - Research Paper Example These destinations permit the users’ to make a profile that mirrors their personality. An investigation by Magnuson and Dundes (2008) about the MySpace Profiles for 51 females and 49 guys uncovered that ladies had a superior self introduction profiles on MySpace than men. Additionally they were progressively dynamic that the guys. The investigations additionally uncovered that in spite of the fact that females overwhelm the informal community destinations, they need to rely upon others for their feeling of self as they do customarily rely upon the male in their families. A comparable report by Manago et.al. (2008) uncovered that informal communication locales were a way to investigate one’s own personality, connect with into social examination and express romanticized parts of selves they had envisioned to be. This paper attempts to distinguish the manners by which guys and females present themselves online in the person to person communication condition. The paper addi tionally means to check if culture impacts self introduction of sexes in long range informal communication. Catchphrases: Social Networking Sites, Gender Difference, Self-Presentation Self-Presentation and Gender on Social Networking Sites Self-introduction is a significant part of today’s globalized world. As per Leary (1996) â€Å"Self-introduction is somewhat impression the board, which is the administration of other’s impressions of a social unit, for example, individuals or organisation† (p. 17). ... Therefore this subject has likewise pulled in analysts to the examination the sexual orientation contrasts in self-introduction on these locales. An investigation by Kornblum (2006) uncovered the detonated fame of these SNSs with clients numbering to several millions in the ongoing years. Anyway self-introduction on SNSs varies from up close and personal self-introduction. Self-introduction on SNSs contrasts since one can â€Å"inspect, alter and revise† one’s self introduction before it is accessible to other people (Walther, Slovacek and Tidwell, 2001, p.110). These destinations announce to assist individuals with getting associated and share with the individuals in their lives. In this manner SNSs make a genuine interpersonal organization for individuals on the web. In spite of the fact that the SNSs are a reproduction of a genuine interpersonal organization however the earth gave by the SNSs contrasts enormously from reality (refered to in Hinduja and Patchin, 2008, p. 127). The examinations have uncovered that few individuals have 1000 others on their companion list which is almost outlandish in the reality. These SNSs give individuals one of a kind chances to remain associated with a larger number of individuals than they may some way or another have and to have the option to know in their genuine lives. Additionally individuals can develop any sort of picture about themselves that they might want to representation to the individuals on their companion list. The self-introduction on these SNSs permits the clients to build a crowd of people as they can include or expel companions from their informal organization in not more than seconds, without any endeavors however only a tick on the mouse. Past examination recommends that these SNSs are generally well known among teenagers as it permits them to try different things with their personality. Examination likewise proposes that youthful young ladies use SNSs more than the pre-adult young men as it

Management Techniques Free Essays

In addition, the supervisor employed additionally needs to have involvement with arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling another assistance division so as to give phenomenal client support. In light of these capabilities, the accompanying five inquiries will help decide whether this applicant can assume responsibility, compose things, and get individuals roused and working again In a Service Department: 1 . Would you be able to let me know of a circumstance wherein you think you’re going to fall, however you had the option to switch the circumstance and succeed? Would you be able to mention to me what you did? (Burblers, 2004) This inquiry sick survey the candidate’s personality especially how he acts under tension. We will compose a custom article test on The board Techniques or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Besides, the appropriate responses gave will likewise demonstrate the degree of the candidate’s arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling aptitudes as explaining a situation effectively requires a more than normal abilities in these capacities. 2. â€Å"Tell me about the most unique representative circumstance you have ever needed to deal with. What did you do about it, what was the result† (Kodak, p. 39). This inquiry will assist me with deciding the candidate’s center capabilities as respects propelling individuals and getting accessible assets close by to take care of business. 3. We as a whole vibe that we are extraordinary In our achievements; would you be able to disclose to me an Instance that you feel Is one of a kind? This inquiry will help In surveying the certainty of the applicant on himself. An administrator to be a viable pioneer, must radiate certainty, in any case his staff won't have certainty on his capacity to lead them also. 4. Inform me concerning when you turned down a great job. The appropriate response will assist me with evaluating whether the applicant can really convey results. 5. Mention to me what you have done consistently to guarantee that your staff or direct report feel esteemed for their commitments. The candidate’s answer will assist me with deciding the degree of the candidate’s relational aptitudes explicitly his conduct towards individuals working under him. The manner in which the up-and-comer responds to the above inquiries will help the recruiting administrator survey his correspondence and relational aptitudes. In searching for the opportune individual to fill the situation of director for the new office, that individual must show better than expected abilities and capacities In overseeing individuals especially In guiding them towards the accomplishment of the organization’s objectives. This is significant since the division that the director will be importance Is another one, tune tans could De Klan to uncreated regions. Lastly’ t individual should likewise be knowledgeable about investigating new things and being agreeable outside his customary range of familiarity. The most effective method to refer to Management Techniques, Essays

Best of Book Riot Reading Pathways David Foster Wallace

Best of Book Riot Reading Pathways David Foster Wallace  This week we’re running some of our favorite and most popular posts from our first three months.   __________________________ Reading Pathways  is a regular Book Riot feature in which we suggest a three-book reading sequence for becoming acquainted with certain authors. Check out  previous entries on Toni Morrison, Charles Dickens, and John Steinbeck. To the casual reader, David Foster Wallace may seem intimidating. The words “postmodern” or “experimental” or “preposterously intelligent” are never too far from descriptions of his work. Those are all true. But I’m here to tell you DFW is actually the most accessible “difficult” writer you’ll ever read. And easily the most insightful. And probably one of the funniest, too. He’s my favorite writer of all time, and I think you’ll love him. And so here’s a suggested DFW reading pathway: Start With The Essay Collections Consider The Lobster  â€" One of DFW’s greatest gifts was to seamlessly mix low-brow humor with high-brow articulateness, often within the same piece of writing. Nowhere in DFW’s oeuvre is that more evident than in this collection. Example: In an academic (but very readable) essay titled “Authority and American Usage” on descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar, DFW dismisses a particularly poor argument as “…so stupid it practically drools.” These essays best showcase DFW’s range of styles, from academic to acerbic to ass-bustingly hilarious, and so it’s a great place to start to introduce yourself to his style. A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again  â€" The title essay for this collection, about the preternaturally shy, somewhat socially awkward DFW’s experiences on a cruise by himself, best illustrates another of DFW’s greatest gifts: sharp observation. Also, the essay is piss-your-pants funny. Example: The only highlight of each day for him (a grown man) is beating the crap out of some bratty teenager in ping-pong. This Is Water  â€" DFW’s commencement address to Kenyon College in 2005 is about the importance of empathy. It’s basically a call for each of us to adhere to the one, immutable rule of life: “When in doubt, don’t be a douche.” I re-read this several times per year. Gives me chills each time. Move On To Short Stories Girl With Curious Hair â€"  Though this is probably my least favorite DFW volume, there is still much fun to be had here. The title story is my favorite and “Little Expressionless Animals,” about a lesbian with a Jeopardy winning streak, is very good as well. If you’re up for a bit of reading masochism, go ahead and try the last story, a novella titled “Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way.” It’s one of the more difficult-to-get things Ive ever read. Brief Interviews With Hideous Men â€"  This is less a short story collection and more a playful experiment with form and style. There are a few actual stories, but much of the book is interviews in which you read the answer but not the questions. You’ll have to trust me that that is a lot less annoying than it sounds. Believe it or not, John Krasinski (yes, of The Office) actually undertook adapting and filming this thing. It was only okay, but definitely A for effort! Oblivion â€"  DFW’s last collection of short stories, published in 2004, is his most “normal” (i.e., straightforward) collection, but also his most cerebral and darkest. Reading these stories makes what happened on Sept. 12, 2008 less surprising, but even sadder.   (If you’re not familiar, David Foster Wallace hung himself at his home in California, after a life-long battle with depression. He was just 46.) Now You’re Ready To Tackle The Novels Infinite Jest â€"  The magnum opus. This novel IS David Foster Wallace. Yes, it’s 1,079 pages long. Yes, it includes more than 300 endnotes. And yes, for much of the first 200 pages, you’ll have almost no idea how the various vignettes are related. But once you hit your reading stride, once you settle in and get comfortable, and once you relax and realize you won’t get everything right away, you’re in for possibly the best reading experience of your life. The Pale King â€"  While  Infinite Jest  deals with addiction to entertainment, this unfinished novel published earlier this year examines boredom. At the end of the novel, DFW’s long-time editor Michael Pietsch provides several pages of notes he drew from some of DFW’s collected papers. The notes give insight into how DFW would’ve connected characters and themes and brought the novel to fruition. It’s infinitely sad, reading those because you soon realize The Pale King might’ve been DFW’s best book. The Broom of the System â€"  DFW’s first novel (it’s actually his undergraduate thesis) is the only published work of his I haven’t read. I’m saving it. For what, I don’t know. It’s just nice knowing there is something out there of his I haven’t read, since there will never again be anything new. RIP, DFW. To conclude, here are some quotes: “Fiction’s about what it is to be a f$#%ing human being.” â€" David Foster Wallace, interview It’s weird to feel like you miss someone you’re not even sure you know. â€"   Infinite Jest “I wish you way more than luck.” â€"    This Is Water __________________________ Greg Zimmerman is a trade magazine editor and blogs about contemporary literary fiction at  The New Dork Review of Books. Follow him on  Twitter:  @NewDorkReview.

The Choice of Risk Management or Compliance - 532 Words

Introduction The task of risk management has perplexed many organizations. Organizations have to make important decisions which will ensure their assets (data) are secure. Not only do organizations have to be concerned with risk management but they are also tasked with ensuring their systems are compliant. The article â€Å"When it comes to enterprise security is it better to focus on compliance or risk†? discusses which area should be considered a higher precedence compliance or risk. The author Christian Anschutz, of the article is SVP and former CIO of Underwriters Laboratories. The article focuses on security, technology and financial risks. Has the author taken into consideration underlying circumstances in which organizations are not able to place one area above another? What are the industry standards? Who enforces these standards? This paper will focus on hazy task of organizational risk management and compliance. Background According to (Landoll, 2011, p.4) â€Å"Security risk management involves the process of ensuring that the security risk posture of an organization is within acceptable bounds as defined by senior management.† In other words risk management is what an organization needs to implement in order to minimize risk to their Information Technology (I.T.) systems. Organization are usually restricted by a budget when attempting to implement a secure risk management plan. There must be a fine balance between budget management and fulfilling the organization’sShow MoreRelatedSecurity And Controls Director At A Publicly Traded Hospital System880 Words   |  4 Pagesan IT leader with this type of role, she’s juggling numerous concurrent information security and compliance objectives. †¢ Next quarter the annual SOX audit begins, although remediation of findings from the prior year’s internal audit report is still in progress. †¢ Results of this quarter’s external network vulnerability scans are in her in-box; a quick peek at the report tells her that numerous risks are flagged as â€Å"critical vulnerabilities†. †¢ The VP of Application Development‘s pet project isRead MoreAnalysis Of Cybersecurity Metrics As Well A Governmental Policy Framework Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Today’s Government is faced with many challenges when it comes down to Information Assurance compliance. 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Determining Different Strategies For Different Situations Situation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5560 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? All successful small business startups eventually face the issue of handling business expansion or growth. Business expansion is a stage of a companys life that is fraught with both opportunities and perils. On the one hand, business growth often carries with it a corresponding increase in financial fortunes for owners and employees alike. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Determining Different Strategies For Different Situations Situation Business Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, expansion is usually seen as a validation of the entrepreneurs initial business startup idea, and of his or her subsequent efforts to bring that vision to fruition. But as Andrew J. Sherman observed in The Complete Guide to Running and Growing Your Business, business expansion also presents the small business owner with myriad issues that have to be addressed: Growth causes a variety of changes, all of which present different managerial, legal, and financial challenges. Growth means that new employees will be hired who will be looking to the top management of the company for leadership. Growth means that the companys management will become less and less centralized, and this may raise the levels of internal politics, protectionism, and dissension over what goals and projects the company should pursue. Growth means that market share will expand, calling for new strategies for dealing with larger competitors. Growth also means that additional capital will be required, crea ting new responsibilities to shareholders, investors, and institutional lenders. Thus, growth brings with it a variety of changes in the companys structure, needs, and objectives. Given these realities, Sherman stated that the need of the organization to grow must be tempered by the need to understand that meaningful, long-term, profitable growth is a by-product of effective management and planning. Methods Of Growth Small businesses can expand their operations by pursuing any number of avenues. The most commonplace methods by which small companies increase their business are incremental in character, i.e., increasing product inventory or services rendered without making wholesale changes to facilities or other operational components. But usually, after some period of time, businesses that have the capacity and desire to grow will find that other options should be studied. Common routes of small business expansion include: Growth through acquisition of another existing business (almost always smaller in size) Offering franchise ownership to other entrepreneurs Licensing of intellectual property to third parties Establishment of business agreements with distributorships and/or dealerships Pursuing new marketing routes (such as catalogs) Joining industry cooperatives to achieve savings in certain common areas of operation, including advertising and purchasing public stock off erings Employee stock ownership plans Of course, none of the above options should be pursued until the businesss ownership has laid the necessary groundwork. The growth process begins with an honest assessment of strengths and weaknesses, wrote Erick Koshner in Human Resource Planning. Given those skills, the organization then identifies the key markets or types of future market opportunities the company is likely to capture. This, of course, raises another set of issues about how to best develop the structures and processes that will further enhance the organizations core capabilities. Once these structures and processes are identified and the long range planning completed, the business has a view of where it will be in three to five years and agreement on key strategies for building future business. Situation No: 2 Advertising Strategy An advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about products and services to potential consumers in the hopes of convincing them to buy those products and services. This strategy, when built in a rational and intelligent manner, will reflect other business considerations (overall budget, brand recognition efforts) and objectives (public image enhancement, market share growth) as well. As Portable MBA in Marketing authors Alexander Hiam and Charles D. Schewe stated, a businesss advertising strategy determines the character of the companys public face. Even though a small business has limited capital and is unable to devote as much money to advertising as a large corporation, it can still develop a highly effective advertising campaign. The key is creative and flexible planning, based on an in-depth knowledge of the target consumer and the avenues that can be utilized to reach that consumer. Today, most advertising strategies focus on achieving three general goals, as the Small Business Administration indicated in Advertising Your Business: 1) promote awareness of a business and its product or services; 2) stimulate sales directly and attract competitors customers; and 3) establish or modify a business image. In other words, advertising seeks to inform, persuade, and remind the consumer. With these aims in mind, most businesses follow a general process which ties advertising into the other promotional efforts and overall marketing objectives of the business. Methods Of Advertising Small business owners can choose from two opposite philosophies when preparing their advertising strategy. The first of these, sometimes called the push method, is a stance wherein an advertiser targets retail establishments in order to establish or broaden a market presence. The second option, sometimes called the pull method, targets end-users (consumers), who are expected to ask retailers for the product and thus help pull it through the channel of distribution. Of course, many businesses employ some hybrid of the two when putting together their advertising strategy. Push Method The aim of the push method is to convince retailers, salespersons, or dealers to carry and promote the advertisers product. This relationship is achieved by offering inducements, such as providing advertising kits to help the retailer sell the product, offering incentives to carry stock, and developing trade promotions. Pull Method The aim of the pull method is to convince the target consumer to try, purchase, and ultimately repurchase the product. This process is achieved by directly appealing to the target consumer with coupons, in-store displays, and sweepstakes. The Process of Implementation of Strategies in two different Organizations The following chart shows that how we are going to implement the recommended strategy on Aone Advertisement Company as well as on Apollo Advertisers. Process of Implementation in Aone Advertisement Company Formulated Strategy As mentioned above also the strategies recommended are: To adopt the Product Development Strategy At the beginning the market will be the same i.e. Peshawar Later on it can expand to new areas like Kohat, Charsada, Mardan, Noshera, Bajawor Agency, Khyber Agency etc The products will be acquired through outsourcing. Formulated Strategy Marketing Break in to Policies Out Sourcing Price Place Product Promotion Human Resource Finance Tasks Responsibilities Vision Consequences of Change Prioritize Tasks Vision The vision of the recommended strategy is to stabilize the company by offering its services through a new product line. And to become a leading advertisement company is Peshawar by utilizing the revenue generated from new product line. Consequences of Change Organization Structure The organization Structure of Aone Company will be slightly changes. As well be using the same people for the new business also. The managers under Customer Servicing Executive will be separate. And each one would handed over other tasks. Increase in Tasks and Responsibilities As well be using the same people for the new business also therefore, their current jobs will be extended. The accountant who is on part time job and comes in the evening for 2 hours will be asked to now come for at least 4 hours. Office Setup The office setup will be changed. With the beginning of a new business the entrance of the office will not only project an advertisement company. The look will be changed to enhance and support both the businesses. Image of The Company Offering advertisement ideas, facilities etc. is more service oriented business where as offering UPS is more product oriented business. So after starting the new business the image will lie somewhere in between the service oriented and product oriented. Break in to Policies The next step for implementing the strategy is to divide it in to further policies or goals for different functions. Each function is described under following headings. Marketing The functions, goals, responsibilities or tasks of the marketing area are explained in 4 categories as price, place, product and promotion. Price The prices of different models are different. Still they are set a bit low then the market prices. Firstly, because of the short distribution channel, which reduces cost and secondly for the reason to penetrate the market. Place The product will be available in workshop set up by Aone Company. The workshop will be in the same plaza where Aone Company is operating its business. Promotion UPS is a kind of product that is purchased only on the basis of need. Its requirement is felt or becomes necessary only if the customer identifies its need. Now days the need of UPS and batteries are highly felt in the market therefore, the need of advertising the product in magazines, newspapers, TV commercials, cable network or internet is not required as such because of the nature of the product. Still only one medium will be used for creating awareness and that is Mashriq Newspaper. Second way to create awareness about the new product offered by Aone Company is to use personal contact and to reach existing clients through phones, text message, fax and informal gatherings. Finance The financial decision, which includes investment decisions, day to day operational costs, etc, will be made by the owner of the company Mr. Misbahuddin Ghauri. The overall finance that Aone Company requires is about 2 lacs. As the company is short of finances therefore, it will acquire the required amount of money from a bank. According to Mr. Misbah-ud-Din Ghauri the bank can lend him up to 20 lacs based on his credibility. All the financial operations will be recorded on the daily basis. And at the end of each week the data will be complied. At the end of each month the weekly data will be reviewed and matched with the targets. And decisions will be taken regarding changing policies based on reviewing the monthly data. Human Resource The new human resource will be hired for the new business as well as the present human resource will also be used. This will save the cost as well as the present employee will show loyalty to the new business because they are attached to Aone Company for a long time. Following would be the tasks and responsibilities of the human resource. Tasks Misbahuddin Ghauri To make all the financial decisions Arrange monthly meetings with other employees M. Salahuddin Make sales report Make decisions regarding sales Fazal-e-Rehman Book keeping for the new business Technicians Repairs the product returned by the customers Electrician Provides installation services to customers Sales Person Interaction with Customers Responsibilities Misbahuddin Ghauri Keep the new business at breakeven point Inform other employees about changes that might need with the passage of time M. Salahuddin Monthly sales targets are met Monitor complaints by the customers with the coordination of sales person Fazal-e-Rehman Present financial data in every monthly meetings Technicians Analyze the problems in products and report to Misbahuddin Ghauri so that he may contact the suppliers Electrician Provide satisfactory work to the customers Sales Person Make maximum sales Outsourcing Aone is not going to manufacture the products itself. The company will be acquiring the product through the suppliers in Rawalpindi. The owner will be in close contact with the suppliers in order to assure the smooth availability of the products according to the demand in the market. Process of Implementation in Apollo Advertisers The Apollo advertiser provides the billboards in different areas of Peshawar. It just charges rent for offering billboards. Following would be the process of implementation of the recommended strategy for Aone Company if applied on Apollo. Vision To enter in to the new business in order to expand our product portfolio. Consequences of Change The change will be on the human resource. As they would completely need to acquire new people for new business. They need technicians, electricians and some sales persons. The organizational structure will also be affected. The financial status of the company will be affected. Marketing In order to capture the market share the Apollo should keep comparatively low prices. They can also use their own billboards for advertising their new business. They are financially good as compare to Aone Company therefore; they can afford to spend more on creating awareness. They should have maximum number of products range. This would enhance their image. The quality should be given priority. One thing that Apollo needs is the office for opening a new workshop. Finance Apollo is financially strong and can invest in order to enter the new business. Instead of completely taking the loan, Apollo invests from its own pocket. This will save him the money it has to pay as an interest. Human Resource Apollo needs to hire new employees who can run the new business. Because there are more technical people involved in this new business. Resources Required for Implementation of Recommended Strategy Financial Resource As mentioned earlier the overall finance that Aone Company requires is about 2 lacs. As the company is short of finances therefore, it will acquire the required amount of money from a bank. According to Mr. Misbah-ud-Din Ghauri the bank can lend him up to 20 lacs based on his credibility. Human Resource The company requires seven employees to carry out all the activities at inception. The salaries of each four electricians will be three thousand at least. One salesman will be given four thousand and two (UPS) technicians with the salary of six thousand. The total budget required for the working capital is thus thirty thousand (Rs. 30000). Workshop Area To set up a work shop Aone Company requires a physical place. Which Aone company already has it. In its current set of advertisement office there are plenty of rooms empty. Aone Company can utilize these rooms to set up a workshop for the time being. The disadvantage of this workshop would be that it is located on the 1st floor and will affect the business. Therefore, in future the Aone company can search for ground floor office either in sadar or university area. Time Time is very important resource for any business. The time required for every step of implementation of strategy will be calculated. And a check will be kept whether the activities are carried out in time or not. Otherwise delay will cause loss to the business. Different Monitoring tools for follow-ups of Strategy Monitoring Tools Monitoring tools are described as the means by which the actions of individuals or groups within an organization are constrained to perform certain actions while avoiding other actions in an effort to achieve organizational goals. Controlling The following section addresses regulative controls including bureaucratic controls, financial controls, and quality controls. The second section addresses normative controls including team norms and organization cultural norms. Regulative Controls Regulative controls stem from standing policies and standard operating procedures, leading some to criticize regulative controls as outdated and counter-productive. As organizations have become more flexible in recent years by flattening organizational hierarchies, expanding organizational boundaries to include suppliers in inventory management and customers in new product development, forging cooperative alliances with competitors, and developing virtual organizations in which employees are geographically dispersed and may meet only a few time each year, critics point out that regulative controls may prevent rather promote goal attainment. Bureaucratic Controls Bureaucratic controls stem from lines of authority and this authority comes with ones position in the organizational hierarchy. The higher up the chain of command, the more an individual will have authority to dictate policies and procedures. Bureaucratic controls have gotten a bad name and often rightfully so. Organizations placing too much reliance on chain of command authority relationships inhibit flexibility to deal with unexpected events. However, there are ways managers can build flexibility into policies and procedures that make bureaucracies as flexible and able to quickly respond to customer problems as any other form of organizational control. Financial Controls Financial controls include key financial targets for which managers are held accountable. These types of controls are common among firms that are organized as multiple strategic business units (SBUs). SBUs are product, service, or geographic lines having managers who are responsible for the SBUs profits and losses. These managers are held responsible to upper management to achieve financial targets that contribute to the overall profitability of the corporation. Managers who are not SBU executives often have financial responsibility as well. Individual department heads are typically responsible for keeping expenses within budgeted guidelines. These managers, however, tend to have less overall responsibility for financial profitability targets than SBU managers. Quality Controls Quality controls describe the extent of variation in processes or products that is considered acceptable. For some companies, zero defects-no variation at all-is the standard. In other companies, statistically insignificant variation is allowable. Quality controls influence the ultimate product or service outcome offered to customers. By maintaining consistent quality, customers can rely on a firms product or service attributes, but this also creates an interesting dilemma. An overemphasis on consistency where variation is kept to the lowest levels may also reduce response to unique customer needs. This is not a problem when the product or service is relatively standardized such as a McDonalds hamburger, but may pose a problem when customers have nonstandard situations for which a one-size-fits-all solution is inappropriate. Wealth managers, for example, may create investment portfolios tailored to a single client, but the process used to implement that portfolio such as stock mark et transactions will be standardized. Thus, there is room within quality control for both creativity; e.g., wealth portfolio solutions, and standardization; e.g., stock market transactions. Normative Controls Rather than relying on written policies and procedures as in regulative controls, normative controls govern employee and managerial behavior through generally accepted patterns of action. One way to think of normative controls is in terms how certain behaviors are appropriate and others are less appropriate. For instance, a tuxedo might be the appropriate attire for an American business awards ceremony, but totally out of place at a Scottish awards ceremony, where a formal kilt may be more in line with local customs. However, there would generally be no written policy regarding disciplinary action for failure to wear the appropriate attire, thus separating formal regulative controls for the more informal normative controls. Team Norms Teams have become commonplace in many organizations. Team norms are the informal rules that make team members aware of their responsibilities to the team. Although the task of the team may be formally documented and communicated, the ways in which team members interact are typically developed over time as the team goes through phases of growth. Even team leadership be informally agreed upon; at times, an appointed leader may have less influence than an informal leader. If, for example, an informal leader has greater expertise than a formal team leader, team members may look to the informal leader for guidance requiring specific skills or knowledge. Team norms tend to develop gradually, but once formed, can be powerful influences over behavior. Organizational Culture Norms In addition to team norms, norms based on organizational culture are another type of normative control. Organizational culture involves the shared values, beliefs, and rituals of a particular organization. The Internet search firm, Google, Inc. has a culture in which innovation is valued, beliefs are shared among employees that the work of the organization is important, and teamwork and collaboration are common. In contrast, the retirement specialty firm, VALIC, focuses on individual production for its sales agents, de-emphasizing teamwork and collaboration in favor of personal effort and rewards. Both of these example are equally effective in matching norms with organizational goals; the key is thus in properly aligning norms and goals. Maintenance Maintenance is the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform its required function. Many companies are seeking to gain competitive advantage with respect to cost, quality, service and on-time deliveries. The effect of maintenance on these variables has prompted increased attention to the maintenance area as an integral part of productivity improvement. Maintenance is rapidly evolving into a major contributor to the performance and profitability of manufacturing systems. In fact, some see maintenance as the last frontier for manufacturing. Preventive maintenance-the prevention of equipment breakdowns before they happen. This includes inspections, adjustments, regular service and planned shutdowns. Repair work-repairing equipment and troubleshooting malfunctions in an effort to return the equipment to its previous condition. These repairs may be reactive or preventive. I mprovement work-searching for better materials and improved design changes to facilitate equipment reliability. Repair work is often a part of improvement work. As shown in figure below, six maintenance programs are identified within the maintenance hierarchy, each representing an increased level of sophistication. Reactive Maintenance Reactive maintenance (also known as corrective maintenance) involves all unscheduled actions performed as a result of system or product failure. Basically, it is an attempt to restore the system/product to a specified condition. The spectrums of activities within this level are (1) failure identification, (2) localization and isolation, (3) disassembly, (4) item removal and replacement or repair in place, (5) reassembly, and (6) checkout and condition verification. This approach is mainly a response to machine breakdowns. Unfortunately, many manufacturers are still in a reactive mode of operation. Their main objective is to ship the product. If their manufacturing equipment breaks down, they fix it as quickly as possible and then run it until it breaks down again. This is an extremely unreliable process and is not the best way to maximize the useful life span of ones assets. It leaves machine tools in a state of poor repair and can cause the production of out-o f-tolerance parts and scrap. Because of its unpredictable nature it can easily cause disruptions to the production process. Scheduled Maintenance Scheduled maintenance utilizes a previously developed maintenance schedule for each machine tool. This is much like an oil change on an automobile that takes place every three months or 3,000 miles, whichever comes first. While this is a broadly practiced technique in many manufacturing organizations, it does possess some distinct disadvantages. The scheduled maintenance may take place too soon, while the machine still operates well (15-20 percent of all components fail after a predictable time), or it may come too late if the machine fails before the scheduled maintenance time. In some cases, the machine may still be running but producing unacceptable parts. Scheduled maintenance can be considered a part of preventive maintenance known as fixed-time maintenance (FTM). Preventive maintenance is discussed later. Predictive Maintenance Predictive maintenance involves performing maintenance on a machine in advance of the time a failure would occur if the maintenance were not performed. Of course, this means that one must calculate when a machine is predicted to fail. In order to do this, the firm must collect data on variables that can be used to indicate an impending failure (vibration, temperature, sound, color, etc.). This data is then analyzed to approximate when a failure will occur and maintenance is then scheduled to take place prior to this time. By seeking the correct level of maintenance required, unplanned downtime is minimized. Preventive Maintenance Preventive maintenance encompasses activities, including adjustments, replacement, and basic cleanliness, that forestall machine breakdowns. Preventive activities are primarily condition based. The condition of a component, measured when the equipment is operating, governs planned/scheduled maintenance. Typical preventive maintenance activities include periodic inspections, condition monitoring, critical item replacements, and calibrations. In order to accomplish this, blocks of time are incorporated into the operations schedule. One can easily see that this is the beginning of a proactive mode rather than a reactive one. The purpose of preventive maintenance is to ensure that production quality is maintained and that delivery schedules are met. In addition, a machine that is well cared for will last longer and cause fewer problems. Current trends in management philosophy such as just-in-time (JIT) and total quality management (TQM) incorporate preventive maintenance as key fact ors in their success. JIT requires high machine availability, which in turn requires preventive maintenance. Also, TQM requires equipment that is well maintained in order to meet required process capability. Preventive maintenance is also seen as a measure of management excellence. It requires a long-term commitment, constant monitoring of new technology, a constant assessment of the financial and organizational tradeoffs in contracting out versus in-house maintenance, and an awareness of the impact of the regulatory and legal environment. The resulting benefits of preventive maintenance are many. Some of them are listed below: Safety. Machinery that is not well-maintained can become a safety hazard. Preventive maintenance increases the margin of safety by keeping equipment in top running condition. Lower cost. A modern and cost-effective approach to preventive maintenance shows that there is no maintenance cost optimum. However, maintenance costs will decrease as the costs for production losses decreases. Obviously, no preventive maintenance action is performed unless it is less costly that the resulting failure. Reduction in failures and breakdowns. Preventive maintenance aims at reducing or eliminating unplanned downtime, thereby increasing machine efficiency. Downtime is also reduced when the preventive maintenance process gives maintenance personnel sufficient warning so repairs can be scheduled during normal outages. Extension of equipment life. Obviously, equipment that is cared for will last longer than equipment that is abused and neglected. Improved trade-in/resale value of equipment. If the equipment is to be sold or traded in, a preventive maintenance program will help keep the machine in the best possible condition, thereby maximizing its used value. Increased equipment reliability. By performing preventive maintenance on equipment, a firm begins to build reliability into the equipment by removing routine and avoidable breakdo wns. Increased plant productivity. Productivity is enhanced by the decrease in unexpected machine breakdown. Also, forecast shutdown time can allow the firm to utilize alternate routings and scheduling alternatives that will minimize the negative effect of downtime. Fewer surprises. Preventive maintenance enables users to avoid the unexpected. Preventive maintenance does not guarantee elimination of all unexpected downtime, but empirically it has proven to eliminate most of it caused by mechanical failure. Reduced cycle time. If process equipment is incapable of running the product, then the time it takes to move the product through the factory will suffer. Taninecz found, from an Industry Week survey, that there is a strong correlation between preventive maintenance and cycle-time reductions as well as near-perfect on-time delivery rates. Also, approximately 35 percent of the surveyed plants who widely adopted preventive maintenance achieved on-time delivery rates of 98 pe rcent, compared to only 19.5 percent for non-adopters. Increased service level for the customer and reduction in the number of defective parts. These have a positive direct effect on stock-outs, backlog, and delivery time to the customer. Reduced overall maintenance. By not allowing machinery to fall into a state of disrepair, overall maintenance requirements are greatly decreased. Total Productive Maintenance Total productive maintenance (TPM) is preventive maintenance plus continuing efforts to adapt, modify, and refine equipment to increase flexibility, reduce material handling, and promote continuous flows. It is operator-oriented maintenance with the involvement of all qualified employees in all maintenance activities. TPM has been described as preventive maintenance with these three factors added: (1) involving machine operators in preliminary maintenance activities by encouraging them to keep machines clean and well lubricated; (2) encouraging operators to report indications of incipient distress to the maintenance department; and (3) establishing a maintenance education and training program. Developed in Japan, TPM places a high value on teamwork, consensus building, and continuous improvement. It is a partnership approach among organizational functions, especially production and maintenance. TPM means total employee involvement, total equipment effectiveness, and a t otal maintenance delivery system. In order to achieve this, machine operators must share the preventive maintenance efforts, assist mechanics with repairs when equipment is down, and work on equipment and process improvements within team activities. Tennessee Eastman found that another employee, such as an equipment operator, with minimal training, could do 40 percent of the traditional maintenance mechanics work. Another 40 percent could be performed with additional training, but still below the certified level. Only 20 percent of the maintenance tasks actually required a certified mechanics skills. They also reported that as much as 75 percent of maintenance problems can be prevented by operators at an early stage. This frees maintenance personnel to be responsible for the tasks that require their critical skills, such as breakdown analysis, overhaul, corrective maintenance and root cause analysis. Beneficial results of TPM include: Overall equipment effectiveness and overal l efficiency are maximized. It takes the guesswork out of determining which machine needs major repairs or rebuilding. It provides objectivity by converting the operators intuition into quantifiable values. It pinpoints exact maintenance requirement. The operator carries out only the needed corrective actions so no unnecessary work, beyond routine maintenance, is done. It rapidly verifies the effectiveness of major corrective work. Operators improve their job skills. Operators are motivated by involvement in maintaining their own machines and by involvement in team-based concepts. Operator involvement in the process gives them ownership of making the project a success. A preventive maintenance program for the lifecycle of the equipment is developed. By getting everyone involved in equipment design and selection, a better understanding of why certain decisions and trade-offs are necessary results. Equipment and maintenance management (inherent in a relia bility strategy) result. Capacity is maximized. Costs are minimized. Product quality is improved. Improved safety. The manufacturing process is continually improved. As a final note on TPM, another school of thought holds that TPM can be adopted by continuous diagnostic monitoring of a machines conditions and establishing a trend line for it. Trend lines approaching or veering into the domain that identifies poor operating conditions will trigger maintenance action. Reliability-Centered Maintenance It has been assumed that preventive maintenance programs help to ensure reliability and safety of equipment and machinery. However, tests performed by airlines in the mid-1960s showed that scheduled overhaul of complex equipment had little or no positive effect on the reliability of the equipment in service. These tests revealed the need for a new concept of preventive maintenance, which later became known as reliability-centered maintenance (RCM). The concept of RCM is rooted in a 1968 working paper prepared by the Boeing 747 Maintenance Steering Group. A refined version appeared in 1970. Continued studies at the Department of Defense led to the 1986 publication of the Reliability Centered Maintenance Requirements for Naval Aircraft, Weapons Systems and Support Equipment, a set of maintenance standards and procedures that certain military maintenance personnel were expected to follow. The RCM methodology was further developed and found application not only in the military and a viation, but also in the energy, manufacturing, foundry, and transport industries. According to Bulmer, the RCM process can be considered as three separate but associated analyses: failure mode and effects analysis, consequence analysis, and task analysis. These analyses consider the specific characteristics and consequences of a failure and attempt to arrive at the optimal solution based on this information. Models For Monitoring Recommended Strategy The tools which are discussed above are the same we recommend to Aone Company to use for its new business which will control the actions and maintain the position of the business in the market. Bureaucratic Control As the Aone company has a very short organizational structure which retains most of the authority with the head of the company. The steps in opening a new business all the procedures will be clearly mentioned. After the setup has established, different forms will be available which needs to be filled at the right time. The daily operation form should be filled with all the details of daily activities. Then there would be employee forms. Their attendance, time of entry and time of exit will be entered on daily bases. Financial Control Forms will be available for the new business that will note down the transaction of money whether inflow or outflow on the daily bases, and also the cause and purpose of that transaction. At the end of each day the financial records will be shown to the head of the company. Quality Control A proper quality check will be kept on regular bases whether the products which are received from the supplier are up to the mark or not. Aone will not compromise on quality. There are different qualities of Chinese UPS systems that are available. But Aone will only take the best quality product as decided in the policy. Team and Organizational Norms In order to assure a peaceful environment in the organization which is very important for any business to carry out, the head of the company will pay especial attention to the needs of the employees. Their basic needs, personal needs and social needs will be given due consideration so that they are motivated to work and show their loyalty for the benefit of the company. Scheduled Maintenance As mentioned before the time limit of every activity will be mentioned before it is carried out in the written form. Whether its employees entry time or product delivery time, installation time or any other. Total Productive Maintenance The new business does not have the only purpose of providing with the products. But it provides after sales services too. Therefore, the overall process will be examined in order to ensure the smooth running of the business. Machinery Maintenance There will be many tools in the workshop that will repair the products. But there own maintenance is also very important. All such machinery will be checked regularly in order to prolong their life.

Julius Caesar Concession Free Essays

Julius Caesar Concession Essay Marcus Brutus was a noble man. He was loyal to himself and never did anything wrong without believing that what he was doing was right. Even though killing Julius Caesar was wicked and evil, when he did it, he had all the right intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar Concession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Up to his very last breath, he thought that he was saving the people of Rome from an unjust ruler. He never wanted anything bad to come from it. He thought that he could bring peace to Rome Marcus Brutus, however, was very easily deceived. As long as someone told him that doing something would bring good, he would do it. This allowed Cassius to quite easily trick Marcus Brutus into doing what he wanted him to do. And being as sneaky as Cassius was he was able to pretty easily blame it on Marcus Brutus. The fact that he could be so easily tricked made him a prime target for Cassius to do the dirty work and share the blame. It can be argues that since he was so easily manipulated that you can’t really tell how good of a person he was. But since his intentions were so noble, that he was a truly honest, noble man. Unlike the other conspirators who chose to take place in the assassination of Caesar, Marcus Brutus did it to help his people. All of the others only took place in the assassination due to jealousy and dissatisfaction. And for Marcus Brutus, it was a big sacrifice to him as well, seeing that he and Caesar were good friends. And that that proves just how noble his intentions were. That he would kill his own friend if it meant that others could be safe. Even his enemies (Mark Antony and Octavius Caesar) respected him for the honest man that they knew that he was. He did evil things, that that did not make him an evil man. It’s like the old saying: â€Å"It’s the thought that counts† Works Cited Shakespeare, William Julius Caesar. How to cite Julius Caesar Concession, Papers

A Country Club Romance by Derek Walcott and Two Old Black Menace comparison Essay Example For Students

A Country Club Romance by Derek Walcott and Two Old Black Menace comparison Essay The two poems, which Im going to compare and contrast are written by Caribbean poets in the late 20th Century and are mainly focused on changing from one culture to the other. A Country Club Romance by Derek Walcott is about a white culture colliding into a black culture. However, Two Old Black Menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ focuses on a black culture clashing into a white culture. Both of the poems are very ambiguous that use their language, form and structure to make their points clear. For example, as Grace Nichols starts off her poem the readers are confused and baffled. But as the poem gradually develops the point made becomes clear and obvious. Both poems are about love in some form, but they portray it very differently. While Derek Walcott tells of a woman who killed herself for love, Grace Nichols talks about two men in a park who are constantly telling each other that changing cultures can have terrible consequences. For example, in Two Old Black Menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in the last sentence it reads, And the sun was traded long ago This quote tells us that in the Caribbean, the sun is always shining on you, but in England this does not happen. Many people associate the English weather with rain so this is how the two countries are viewed differently. The quote is basically telling us that the Caribbean weather was traded for the English weather, which included more job opportunities and better lifestyle. These two poems equally contain push and pull factors considering their past and lifestyle. For example, in Two Old Black Menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in the third stanza it reads, O its easy to rainbow the past The men may have felt that they did not want to emigrate but had no choice, bearing in mind their quality of life and that is why they feel divided. This kind of situation would no doubt create some feelings of pain and hurt. It also sounds like they had brought everything to England apart from their culture and the precious sun. They have been divided and they feel that they can never fully fit into the English way of life and society. The way Grace Nichols fills the past with colours shows what it means to her as a Caribbean woman living in a different society and also in a different culture. However, in A Country Club Romance Derek Walcott used a pull factor when the white woman is brought to the Caribbean for its wonderful weather and sunshine. These two poems also differentiate in many ways. For example in A Country Club Romance Walcott has used tennis as the main theme. This creates a desired effect on us and is known as an extended metaphor. It makes us as readers relate the poem to the theme used which results in clear understanding. They married and lay down like Slazengers The use of simile used here, which describes similarities between rackets and humans,  makes this poem more active and imaginative. Walcotts use of imagery for this specific quote makes the poem far more related to tennis. The tennis net is like barrier separating the couple and their culture, one could not cross it as the rules of the game will be broken and game will end, this imagery is similar to their relationship and Walcott uses this theme to show the couples relationship. The imagery Grace Nichols has used in the following quote has an incredible effect on our sense of sight. It makes us vision the past and think of it as evil, or immortal. .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .postImageUrl , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:hover , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:visited , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:active { border:0!important; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:active , .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3 .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f99de7a84f5bd4c6d97f65c03dc5dc3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney Essayghost memories of desire This quote also creates a pleasant meaning, which is like an old part of their life coming back to remind them about their culture and lifestyle its also just like a ghost haunting them about their past. The two men are reminiscing the past and filling it with colours as though they are trying to bring the image to life. However, Derek Walcott suddenly horrifies his readers halfway through the poem, And slapped her this creates a brilliant effect on us making us as readers see a different side to him. He had slapped her because of her actions as she started to become alcoholic. This is a very emotive and shocking image. But however we can interpret this image quite differently and relate it to tennis the theme he had used throughout the poem. since your so damn frisky, answer this backhand I believe that Derek Walcott and Grace Nichols express their thoughts and feelings about living in discomfort, but having roots in another culture. I think both writers were successful in the way they expressed the other cultures, from the use of description and detail and the use of ways to describe their feelings throughout the poems. The poems are well written in a way that everyone could understand what the poems meanings are. For example, the way Walcott has written his poem, which ends up disturbing, adds to the overall effect it has on us. Walcott brings forward to our attention that two lovers having different cultures would occasionally end up separated. The poem is narrated by an obsessive lover, who considers his love as an image to the society. She cannot be with him because she is different she comes from a different culture. Obviously she is an upper class citizen and he is not, therefore they cannot be together in the public eye. Furthermore, these two poets show that racism works both ways. For example, the way Walcott emphasizes the white womans desperate needs for love, adds to our attention that the culture she is put in will be different from her own. The white woman is ostracized from the rest of the society. However, Nichols strategic structure and language gives us the impression as readers that different cultures will be met. For example, the two Caribbean men are clashed  into white society and are ignored because of it from the rest of the community. Overall, both poems show how love is not an everlasting thing and that there are always moments when it hits problems. In its extreme, love can sometimes lead to death, as shown in A Country Club Romance. However both poems, in my view, have similarities within the text, as they are both are very ambiguous. In my view this shows how uncertain love can be, as it is normally never what is expected of it. Racism still functions in todays world and many people are harassed, threatened and even beaten because of it. We need to work together as a society and tackle this sickening problem before it spreads out quickly like a virus. I believe these two poems have not addressed how we should tackle racism and the worst we could do is to isolate other cultures from our own.

A History of Immigration essays

A History of Immigration essays Bernard A. Weisberg refers in his articles title to the United States as a Nation of Immigrants rather than a unique, ancient grounded nation. As Joe R. Feagin states in his Racial and Ethnic Relations textbook: Immigration in the United States is its foundation, its uniqueness and its great strength. Weisberg particularly emphasizes this idea because some American people, especially of white-dominant ethnicity, have forgotten that. This is the base of a present day controversy that discusses whether the united States should give up its immigration status due to economic and political causes, actually originated since the first immigrant wave set on North American shore. According to our Western Civilization history, the first people to emigrate from Europe and colonized this North American land were the English, the Colonization migration of the XVII century. Some years after the first settlers arrived, the first British mass exodus landed from the Mayflower, approximately 155,000 in number, mostly as indentured servants, contracted for a specific term of years. Some Scottish and Irish-Scottish peoples came along with them, approximately 12,000 a year. The English government instituted later migrations to the British colonies. If not purposely driven out from their country, British people escaped from political and religious persecution towards such groups which included the Quakers, Sabbatarians, Anti-Sabbatarians, some Anabaptists, some independent, some Jews and a few Roman Catholics, as well as the German Mennonites (ancestors of the Amish) and other 225,000 colonists and the French Calvinists called Huguenots. The following biggest wave of migration was the one in which 84,500 chained Africans slaves were sent to the colonies to work on the land. The first joint-stock companies, formed by merchants under the law of James I, settled in Jamestown and this wa...

The Catholic Inquisition Essays

The Catholic Inquisition Essays The Catholic Inquisition Essay The Catholic Inquisition Essay The Catholic Inquisition is best defined as a crusade by the church to rid the world of heretics. However, the scope under which these measures were carried out is a testament to the power that the Catholic Church exercised over both the ruling class (kings, lords, and other nobles) in addition to the lay people and commoners. Prior to the 1 lath century, the nobles had increasingly dictated church affairs, as they were making secular choices for bishops. This was important for the nobles to do because a bishop would often be the governmental administrator for a town, in edition to the spiritual leader. However, the papacy began to chafe at this external interference, and more so this external exertion of power. Thus, a spirit of reform came about, spearheaded by Pope Gregory VI. He laid out assertions of power that were to be uniform across the Catholic world, with such edicts as: The Pope alone would appoint or depose bishops The Pope alone would have his feet kissed by princes The Pope alone could depose emperors None of the Popes Judgments could be overturned, except by he himself No one could Judge the Pope The Popes decisions were Infallible With such sweeping powers, plus the supposed moral high-ground, the Church now sat as equal If not greater to any monarchy. As time went on, these powers evolved Into a formal court known as the Inquisition which would serve as the means to exercise these powers against enemies of the Church. In the beginning of the 13th century, these courts could try those accused of being heretics. The accusers did not have to face the victim, thus leaving room for abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result In punishment; with the former resulting In a flogging or confiscation of property and he latter resulting In torture and/or death. The true Insight Into the relationship between the church and society Is that no other Institution, regardless of Influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing Its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of God, could commit such travesties and not be overthrown. However, both nobles and commoners, In constant fear of delve consequences, had no choice but to submit and obey. The Popes decisions were infallible sat as equal if not greater to any monarchy. As time went on, these powers evolved into a formal court known as the Inquisition abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result in punishment; with the former resulting in a flogging or confiscation of property and the latter resulting in torture and/or death. The true insight into the relationship between the church and society is that no other institution, regardless of influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of commoners, in constant fear of divine consequences, had no choice but to submit

Familial Genetic Testing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Familial Genetic Testing Assignment - Essay Example Genetic and environmental factors are responsible for occurrence of type 1 diabetes. Even though the exact causes are not yet known, many factors that relates to biological body structure or to a person’s external environment have been associated with risks of type 1 diabetes. Genetic factors to type 1 diabetes relates to HLA genes in the body. The genes form complexes among themselves and help the body’s immune system to distinguish between body’s proteins and foreign proteins to the body. The immune system then destroys foreign proteins. Certain complexes of these genes however fail to distinguish the proteins and leads to destruction of insulin. The percentage of type 1 diabetes incidences that result from the genetic factor is however low because only five percent of people with the gene complexes suffers from the complication (Genetic Home Reference 1). Probability of suffering from the complication, based on genes also supports the theory of genetic cause. This is because a person whose close relative suffers from type 1 diabetes has a six percent chance of being a victim while a person who does not have a close relative suffering from the complication has as low as 0.05 percent of being a victim (National Health Services 1). Other factors such as â€Å"viral infections, nutritional exposures, perinatal factors, childhood growth† among other environmental factors have been associated with the disease as moderators (Eisenbarth 267). Major symptoms of the type 1 diabetes are a feeling of itchiness around genital areas, impaired vision, muscle pain, and skin infection. Based on the role of genes and environmental factors, genetic factors account for a significant percentage of the symptoms than environmental factors. This is because of the secondary scope of environmental factors to the symptoms. Urine test and blood test exist for confirming diagnosis based on observed symptoms. There is no curative treatment for type

Digital Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital Communication - Research Paper Example Digital communication is the transfer or transmission of data from point to another and it is generally encoded digitally and this form of communication was first emerged in 1920's but its presence was there since the establishment of general communication. Since its emergence new technologies have been seen in the world. Basically the history of digital communication revolves around the three basic networks, i.e. computer, telephone and Cable TV. T1 similarly, emerged in 1960's during the digital upheaval in the roots of the U.S telephone network. But now it is used irresistible for data broadcasting. It is due to the telephone companies that T1 exists in this world. Due to the continuous improvements in technology of Digital communication, new communication systems emerged as some of the major today's digital communication systems includes GSM, iDEN, CDMA and others. In general this research paper includes the history of digital communication and T1 and the main components included in this report is the description of digital communication and T1, its application. This report explains and emphasizes how different people contributed in this field and brought new revolutions and new technologies and how it is being used in the present situation. Digital CommunicaDigital Communication Digital Communication is also known as data transmission in which the data is physically transferred through a communication channel, i.e. point-to- point or point-to-multipoint. The data transmitted during this communication process are electro-magnetic signals such as microwave signals, electrical voltage signals or infra-red signals, while copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication, storage media are the most common communication channels used. When data is being transmitted, it mostly uses digital messages which are originated from mostly a computer or a keyboard. Digital communication or data transmission is a sub field from data communications, and also has a strong background with telecommunications and electrical engineering. T1 T1 is also known as DS1, is a T-carrier signaling scheme which was developed by Bell Labs and is mainly used to transmit voice and data between different devices. It is mostly used in telecommunication departments in North America and Japan. T1 is defined as a mean that carries multiple voice and involves data conversion in a single line in a full duplex (transmission method that involves that transmits and receive the information at the same time) synchronous data transmission technique where the data is transmitted at an aggregate speed of 1.544 Mbps. The T1 circuit is made up of twenty four 8 bit channel, in whicj each cannel comprises of 64 kbits/s carrier circuits. History of Digital Communication Digital communication has been used since the advent of communication, when data was transmitted through non-electrical means such as optical and mechanical. The

Chronotopic Identity In Invisible Man English Literature Essay

Chronotopic Identity In Invisible Man English Literature Essay Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is a novel of deliverance from darkness to light, a resequencer of cognitive awareness and differential patterns of conformity. It rejects imitation, deeming it as nothing more than a form of limitation, a burden hampering the doctrine of artistic creation. The novel appeals to the indirect participation of its readers in determining the mechanisms which constitute a collective conscience, a moral voice which communicates for us and through us. The author commits to his duality as a mainstream educated, patriotic American insider and his often frustrating position as a repressed minority, a victim persecution, the racial outsider. His status has the potential to propagate a significant amount of perceptual liberation as he is granted insight, unrestricted access into both fundamental facets of the American cultural construct. Ellison is an outspoken denouncer of extremism in all of its forms and manners of content, placing great emphasis on accurate depictions and justifiable service control, banishing impulses or other manifestations of emotion which tend to either embellish or diminish the narrative. The novel functions by utilizing a strong internal voice attempting to claim the spoils of jazz and random materialization of captured imagination. Generating the narrative voice is not however an entirely independent endeavor as Ellison must preoccupy himself with exhibitions of intent that mark familiarity in terms of style, character development and literary form. He manages to capture random synchronicities in the fabric of language and tame them under the banner of intention and literary design. Language is thus able to ascend to a tier where it is no longer restricted to simply expressing ideas; it begins to generate independent thought, become the forger of identity as an instrument of both creation and deception. From this standpoint, one is almost obligated to view Ellisons writing as an act of patriotism and national pride. But he is by no means a celebrator of the founding fathers or other such bribers of destiny. He bows to the common man, the carrier of tradition and the giver of love and enlightening humanity. Powerful men are perceived as the enemies of equality and freedom inside the American experiment. This pseudo-communist view and manner of interpreting deeds, individuals and events will trigger an internal conflict inside the mind of Ellison himself who viewed communism as a corrupt and bankrupt ideology and treated it as such, indirectly of course through his portrayal of the Brotherhood in Invisible Man. The perception of Afro-Americans is modulated to encompass not only their immediate predicaments, but also the trigger-elements of their past that had obstructed their development as a group and as individuals. Slavery is the key element inside a shameful national battlefield whose remnants still included segregation, unwarranted racial presuppositions and a lack of equal opportunity and respect. Yet Ellison does not let rage or Black Nationalism get the better of him. His solution for mending the hearts and minds of all parties involved is based on love, tolerance, affirmative action, exploring the elements that unite us rather than embracing those which have the capacity to tear our shared humanity asunder. Ellison is one of Americas gatekeepers of moral history. His influence on the Afro-American novel and the American novel as a whole may have hastened the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. He carried inside his writing the intellectual turmoil of his generation and set the standard for a new moral and artistic comprehension of 1960s America. His objective was not to portray a coherent image of individual identity, or of black identity but the identity of the American rainbow, the melting pot of intimidating complexity. His verbal flow and communicative fortitude served as a release valve for the creative energies of his countrymen. The great American writer acknowledged Faulkner, Melville or Hawthorne but above all he paid homage to the almost sacred pieces of paper (the Constitution and the Bill of Rights) which had dictated the moral imperatives shaping the beautiful destiny of his beloved America. His patriotism was not uncommon for an individual living in 1940s and 50s Ameri ca; what was oddly inspiring however was the fact that he managed to unreservedly love a country that had at times rejected and humiliated him because of the color of his skin. Invisible Man is a novel of trust and belief in the ideals for which America stands. Had it not been for Ellisons patriotism and trust in Americas pledge of liberty and justice for all his novel would never have been written; because despite his faà §ade of irony and pessimism Ralph Waldo Ellison is a true believer that change will come, that he himself can make a difference through his work and generous humanity. The novelists responsibility and debt to society cannot be overlooked or ignored towards the realm of perdition. Both form and content must coexist and serve the authors creative infrastructure, a convergence hub where literature and democracy become intertwined creating not only mentally endowed characters but also intelligent, opinionated citizens/readers who have the courage and mental clarity t o change society for the better. Imagination does not run its course individually and independently. In Invisible Man for example it responds to the needs and compensative prerequisites of American life. This complex and immensely creative subroutine of the human mind governs the flux of the yet undiscovered or under-discovered recoils of fate, regulates preoccupations of solitude fills in the blanks of our existence as all true creation begins with imagination and if we seek to better ourselves we must first envisage it with our minds inner eye. The protagonist in Invisible Man is meant to become the perfect American citizen but he is still in beta testing. A more congealed version is set to surface after the author has fully experimented with his test dummy and exhausted all potential behavioral simulations generated by his mental resourcefulness. The final version of the character should be very astute in reflecting not just destiny or possibility but also Americas variations and complexity, referring here of cou rse to its cultural heritage, racial, gender and class interactions. Invisible Man must not be approached solely based on its intrinsic value. Like any work of art its dedicated objective is to move, transport or transform even abstract concepts such as democracy or perceptions of freedom. Ellison was well aware of this reality and also mentally converged on the topic of control by the artist versus the readership over the resulting cultural product: the work of art begins to pulsate with those meanings, emotions, ideas brought to it by its audience, and over which the artist has but limited control (Ellison qtd. in Callahan 1995:94). After setting in motion multiple perspectives dealing with creation as an act of control, he attempts a power play through which the author must fully detach himself from his work, set all personal subjectivity aside and become his own personal appraisal specialist by taking on the role of the reader who must objectively assess a work in progress. This creative method is deeply rooted in imagination, and the ability to i mmerse oneself inside a fundamentally different role caresses the realm of empathic intelligence, setting about to comprehend the hidden truths behind socially assigned roles and adaptive, intellectual democracy. The rampant success of Invisible Man ignited a vast whirlwind of undignified criticism and unwarranted, feeble justifications. The fact that the book was well ahead of its time concerning matters of race, gender or social affiliation caught the attention of many critics of that time who were unfortunately locked inside a limited mindset, unable to comprehend a visionary such as Ralph Ellison. They interpreted the defiance of norms, categories and labeling as nothing less than literary, social and cultural heresy. The random, free-flowing, fluid literary style Ellison had perfected from his adaptations of jazz was also deemed precarious, seen as lacking in consistency and proper planning. The writer justly and calmly defended his novel, explaining, justifying and clarifying all issues related to his novel regardless of time constraints or argumentative relevance. His eloquence and patience as well as his ability to enhance predictions partaking in an astonishing pre-revelation of the American collective eventually earned him the praise, respect and recognition he most undoubtedly deserves. The novel comes as a response to a creative higher calling, a repayment of spiritual debt, a brave statement of honor and dignity. Ellisons working notes and letters have rendered clarification relevant to the conceptual and structural apparatus behind Invisible Man. The first part of the Working Notes analyses not only the causes of invisibility but also its subsequent manifestations and the impact it has on all parties involved. He uncovers two main sources of invisibility which are strongly rooted in the American cultural paradigm. The first generative element of invisibility is human nature itself. Man is instinctually pre-programed or pre-conditioned to interpret all physical, mental or spiritual differences as signs of inferiority and potential threats. This unfortunate reality enforces unnecessary clustering and segregation, separation and even conflict. Invisibility is not only a prerogative of race, gender or religious orientation. Individuals have often found themselves in a state of conflict or just ignorance because of trivial differentiations such as being from another city, speaking with a slightly different accent or supporting a different sports team. The conclusion is that no matter how small or big the differences, people are more than willing to surrender their personal identity to that of their respective arbitrary collective. They incapacitate themselves from seeing members of the rival faction as fellow, kindred beings and embrace a path of antagonism and dismal competition. The second factor of invisibility would be what Ellison identified in his notes as the great formlessness of Negro life. Cultural values here are highly volatile and exposed to a continuous stream of transformation and evolution. Afro-Americans are also subjected to often debilitating and diverse hardships from which only powerful individuals emerge with their personality, identity and sanity intact. Therefore it is difficult to create a stable, visible version of oneself inside a shifting and diverse ethnic universe whose objective is to heap disorientation rather than provide a marginally functi onal moral compass. The issue of compromise has largely gone unseen in the novel. On the surface it is a concept or deliberate lack of action which leads to a passive resolution of conflicts. Taking a more in-depth look however reveals that compromise merely postpones a brutal reaction or conflict. This method leads to the accumulation of tension, an overwhelming increase in the parameters of rage and self-loathing. Compromise draws its energy not from wisdom but from weakness because the truly powerful do not compromise they just make merciful enlightened concessions from time to time. The unnamed hero in Invisible Man joins the Brotherhood and later serves its nefarious plans not out conviction but out of necessity. This ruthless left wing organization which is nothing more than a literary expression of the real life Communist Party uses the main character as he allows himself to be manipulated. He catches rare glimpses of what goes on behind the curtain but he refuses to see and acknowledge the truth . And herein lurks his predicament: the truth cannot and will not set him free, not the weakened version of himself anyway. The truth always reaches everyone no matter how strong or elaborate the deception might be, yet it is always meant for those who have the power to accept it. Weakness and compromise can also lead to the dissolution of family values. The protagonists sexual indiscretions with a married woman are overlooked by her husband in the interest of politics. The fact that there is no vindication for this dastardly act confirms that our character is indeed for all intents and purposes invisible and also that modern day society is severely dehumanizing as under the false and frail mask of a pseudo-enlightenment a man is forced to himself find, accept and provide justification for adultery and sentimental betrayal. Devising his female characters spawned a great deal of compromise for Ellison himself. Most women in the novel are depicted as prostitutes or secret agents of deception and misrepresentation. Mary Rambo is the only positive female character in the novel, a nurturer, a benefactor for the protagonist, a mother figure. Despite all her qualities however she can never be a true partner for the invisible man as she utterly lacks eroticism or passion. She cant complete him; she can only tend to a limited amount of wounds. From Ellisons Working Notes we are made aware of what could have been the unnamed characters significant other. Sadly enough she never made the roster. Louise was envisaged as seductive, charming the flagship of American ideals of freedom, democracy and fertility. Her relative perfection sort of defeats the purpose of the whole novel. The main character must be assaulted, tested and prodded from all directions. His hardships are transformative, motivating, the defining ini tiators of his true identity. Give him love and redemption and you might end up with a Garfield-type character, too lazy and unwilling to seek transformative confrontation. So sadly enough we ended up with good old Sybil, Ellisons little compromise, who happens to have a bad case of jungle fever and whom the main character regards as nothing more than an obstacle and possibly a source of non-essential information. The end of the novel commandeers a corpus of interactive integrity where Ellison appeals to both novice and specialized readers. He reveals the representative voice of his narrative, a raft of hope carrying with it the encoded pride of our shared humanity: Being invisible and without substance, a disembodied voice as it were, what else could I do? What else but try to tell you what was really happening when your eyes were looking through? And it is this which frightens me: Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you? (Ellison, 1995:581) 1.3. Ralph Ellison: Between Addiction and Tradition Ralph Ellison underscores the linkages and connections between Afro-American Culture and mainstream American culture, based on a hope of potential synergy, choosing to disregard arbitrary bonds of restrictive servitude. The limitations to his method are very few as he manages to create new worth through the exploration of the infinite possibilities conferred by folk tradition, jazz or the tales of old. He promotes his narrative as a stable and truthful presence in the discontinuous, swiftly changing and diverse American culture. His body of work expresses a blues-like absurdity in accepting a personal desire to defy limitations, seeking not simply a portrayal of tradition, but a translation, a decryption of its wider, more precise meanings. Ellisons blues attest to the agony of life and the distinct possibility of overcoming all adversity through sheer wealth of spirit and desire to carry on by using pain as a catalyst rather than succumb to its destructive charms. Several essays in Shadow and Act call attention to the purpose of folklore and its inner workings, as they strive to preserve the repeated situations that had once formulated the existence of a well-defined group of individuals, capturing the beauty of thoughts and emotions. The wisdom and spiritual wealth of a group, its symbols, icons and heraldic legacy and ultimately its desire to live long and prosper, generated according to Ellison, an essential truth which captured the spirit of all blacks. Folk symbols can utterly annihilate time through their simplicity, and an entire culture can revolve around a raw image, a universal rhythm. When addressing the black experience Ellison is a firm believer that folklore confirms the Negros willingness to trust his own experience, his own sensibilities rather than to permit their oppressors and masters to decide these fundamental things for them. Folklore therefore becomes not only a source of cohesive identity but a resource for freedom as w ell. Black American folklore functions as an integral part of American and Western culture. Ellison recognizes the merits of a black tradition in confronting new American and global issues, by extracting from life new and profound definitions of joy. Black culture makes wide use of characters who represent folk cultural archetypes functioning inside a wider context of strategic symbology, representing various forms of art, music, religion or folk poetry. In Invisible Man the characters provide contrast and conflict with the lost nature of the invisible narrator who hovers above the storyline observing and sometimes triggering events which consolidate the narrative drive. The slave woman appearing in the prologue is meant to confirm centuries of victimization and hardships, and announce a propulsion towards embracing and understanding freedom. The grandfather who appears several times throughout the novel is a toxic character. He embodies the ambiguity of the past, a monument of bitterness and spiritual limitation which can have potentially crippling and debilitating consequences. The old mans gregarious survival strategy of allowing the so called self-destructive nature of the white man to run its course confirms a false and contagious grasp of what is real and functional. His yessing strategy worthy of the great Napoleon himself has nearly fatal repercussions for his grandson who adopts the strategy of his elder not out of belief but out of confusion and desperation. From a cultural point of view Invisible Man only has two characters who encompass both folk and contemporary black tradition: Trueblood and Mary. Jim Trueblood is on a very basic level an expectant father, a family man, a maker and supporter of life. Yet he is also a rapist, a pedophile and a performer of adultery and incest. The sins of this father cannot be justified through oniric dementia. His heinous act does not prevent him from finding redemption through music: I looks up and sees the stars and I starts singing. He also reaches a very dangerous Popeye the Sailor type conclusion, an empty statement that allows justification for just about anything I aint nobody but myself. Putting aside the repugnant nature of this character one cant help notice that he is deeply rooted in tradition; his humor, storytelling and manner of speaking exemplify the turmoil of his ethnic, racial and social legacy. Trueblood is also a part of Western tradition. He acknowledges his weakness and the sins of the flesh and in his twisted way he tries to be a family man: Im a man and man dont leave his family. From a psychological standpoint, Truebl ood is part of the Western tradition of incest entering the realm of Freudian psychoanalysis and dream interpretation. Mary Rambo is the only character in Invisible Man whom Ellison depicts in a positive manner. All other women are either prostitutes, crazy, sexually deviant, manipulative or lack a moral compass. Mary however is a kind, nurturing individual with a tremendous potential to eliminate the pain and suffering of those around her. She benefits from a robust humanity deeply anchored in the beauty and common sense of folk wisdom and time honored traditions. This female character manages to perfectly integrate into the crazy life of the metropolis without abandoning her individual complexity. She is never tainted by what festers around her and remains true to her pure and genuine calling. Ellison is able to comprehend both the splendor and the horrific nature of black culture. He uses language for example as a verbal facilitator for the most noble of human thoughts. The rich language of the South, the blooming spoken word of the North, the joyful verbal flow of 50s Harlem are all pitted against the ability of language to manipulate, to control, to create riots and inspire fear. Folk traditions, associated with other mechanisms of human comprehension, invite both the writer and the reader into the intimate life of blacks in America, allowing us to discover and observe them in celebration or tribulation, gripped by bliss alongside family and friends or in their darkest hour of need. Ellison employs cultural tradition without overusing external connections. His dramatic recoil is often based on a system of illusions which in the end exposes the betrayal of blackness while at the same time expounding a traumatic treatment of folk values. Folklore does not exist for its own sake. Its governing principle is to override futility within the confines of strict thematic structuralisation and dramatic undertones. Ellisons conceptual apparatus overpowers outdated representations of the southern folk community deeming them obsolete and leaning towards a more pre-individual approach to the matter at hand. He accomplishes an in-depth look into the mind of the individual or their respective collective. His characters are by no means nonsentimental or monosentimental, exploring previously untapped levels of the Afro-American psyche, reaching a point of cognitive no return. This tinkering about with both collective and individual representations of black society is done with flair and a great deal of humor and irony and herein lies the intrinsic value of Invisible Man. He makes the exploration of personal and group identity appear simple, natural and free flowing. Ellison has a very firm grip on the obvious and strives to implement cultural representations bearing in mind the potential of folklore to bring forth both enlightenment and spiritual unease. His intention is not to call down the proverbial thunder on the established order of perception as he is by no means a revolutionary writer. The milestone he sets out to complete is simply to interconnect Western symbols and mythology with black culture and folk wisdom in the hope of understanding and accepting the rules that govern this particular paradigm. Ellisons connection to the West, the systemic support in Invisible Man, offer an almost mathematical precision between creative consistency and cultural pronouncements. Larry Neal credited Ellison with a broad spectrum of theoretical sense, an intimidating corpus of knowledge regarding the explosive tensions underlying the Black mans presence in the United States. (Neal, 1968:9) Invisible Man resonates as a powerful pledge which is fully committed towards grasping the depths and complicated splendors that forge the definition of blackness. Ellison appears hungry to exploit the functions and dedicated objectives of language. He is not burdened by his cultural responsibility, but rather he views it as a method of release, embracing a higher calling of both a universal writer and a black writer. His hunger for definitions, the study of mannerisms and collective deductions stake their claim on a narrative that is offered with apparent ease and an almost godlike understanding of the black condition. There is music and ease behind his equanimous imagination and desire to embrace the noesis of his forefathers. A clinical presupposition would therefore entail an absolute independence inside the creative laws which define his conceptual apparatus. His examination of blackness though perfectly expounded and formulated is not without precedence. William Faulkner laid t he foundation for Ellison through a manifold of emblematic devices and astonishing accomplishments in capturing the proverbial zeitgeist of the South. Although Faulkner asserts himself as the deepest of the southerners, a larger than life communicator through symbols, Ellisons work should not be misconstrued as imitation or worse, as being written from an anxiety of influence. Ralph Ellison is an adequately developed writer, one profoundly original writer who is able to provide us with fresh new insight into Afro-American culture. His tree of literary knowledge casts a large enough shadow enabling him implement a black focus that gathers success in its encounters with an audience immensely appreciative of his creative undertakings. Ultimately Ralph Ellison produces a genuine and stimulating complexity when it comes to writing based on Afro-American culture and folk traditions. He commandeers cryptic messaging, appearing almost intoxicated with the power of his own written word and duty towards creative instruments of mental debt and depth. Folk tradition for Ellison is not proliferated as an end in itself, the author is severely self-conscious and bewildered by the overwhelming merits of simple traditions that have stood the test of time and enabled their carriers to maintain a coherent sense of identity. True folk forms provide us with a celebration of life, a righteous use of the flexible service instruments which fuel hope in the name of tradition, a proud remembrance of the past that is bound to secure the future. 1.4 Chronotopic Identity in Invisible Man Mikhail Bakhtins systemic apparatus of emblematic devices comprises cognitive depths which function beyond arbitrary boundaries of simple cultural relevance. Therefore applying Bakhtinian mechanisms of comprehension to Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is a fully warranted undertaking encompassing both structure and a stern analysis of desirable and justified content. Bakhtins conceptual framework can be held accountable for altering cultural realms outside its borders of encounter, supplementing external ideas, improving and completing them. All disseminated elements are interconnected, lacking in explicit manifestation, adhering to implicit introduction and dialogic confrontation. Bakhtin asserts that no work of literature can exist as a separate, independent entity. Any literary text is in a state of flux, maintaining communication with other literary voices or streams. The influence can reside in imitation, modular transformation or adaptation, or even rejection which is nothing more than a reversal of method. A text is always informed by other texts and at the same time it has the duty to inform its readership. The connection between two texts is by no means constrictive or parasitic in nature. Its symbiotic orientation capitalizes on interdisciplinary dialogue and voice structure, honoring social complexity and linguistic wealth: The internal stratification of language is a prerequisite for the novel. The novel orchestrates all its themes, the totality of the world of objects and ideas depicted and expressed in it, by means of the social diversity of speech types and by the differing individual voices that flourish under such conditions. The links and interrelations lead to the novels heteroglossia and dialogization. (Bakhtin, 1981: 263) Identity formation, cultural memory and religion are paramount in the understanding of blacks and whites not as mere individuals but as complex, interconnected cultural entities. Bakhtins approach is atemporal and universal, allowing us to not only see or understand Afro-American culture but also to expand its deeper meanings, adapt and improve our own culture, enable a positive cross-cultural contamination by upgrading our shared humanity and collective heritage. Certain Bakthinian matters of interest such as power and control, materialism, (re)structured social and ethnic relations, dialogism, spatial and temporal paradigms provide the necessary competence to outline patterns of relevant functionality in Invisible Man. Ralph Ellisons displays a considerable amount of dialogic audacity as a method of integrating social strategies in his novel. His principles are governed by mental alacrity and argumentative observations which often foster resentment and playful overtones of deceptive chaos. Ellison and Bakhtin possess a dedicated, shared infrastructure, a common ground where their variations in discourse can become intertwined and intervene in the establishment of philosophical augmentations and consistent power structures. The boundaries between the two become nothing more than non-cohesive, penetrable conventions which allow transcendent voices to define the desires of randomly assigned trust and determination. Envisioning Invisible Man as a Bakhtinian novel one cant help but detect the ubiquitous Carnivalesque elements of perception which generate and govern the social environment. The Carnival entails a state of absolute liberation and subsequently a state of pseudo-anarchy, capricious libertinism and equality. It exists outside political, economic and social restrictions, suspending the status quo, living up to ideals of randomness and improvisation. It is a festival which celebrates the annihilation of individual hierarchies and the dismemberment of forged and unjust equilibriums. There is little room for political ambitions or extravagant portrayal of mediocre deeds. The Carnivaleque is a counter reaction to those abusive systems which strive to acquire our humanity with thirty pieces of our own silver. Another essential Bakhtinian concept that is of great importance to Invisible Man is that of the chronotope. Time-space describes the dual matrix behind the emergence of Ellisons novel, understanding both history and the topos on which it occurs. Ralph Ellison bends time to his liking offering nonlinear and often simultaneous projections engaging the readers attention and selective intelligence, inviting him to experience: [A] slightly different sense of time, youre never quite on the beat. Sometimes youre ahead and sometimes behind. Instead of the swift and imperceptible flowing of time, you are aware of its nodes, those points where time stands still or from which it leaps ahead. And you slip into the breaks and look around. (Ellison, 1995:8) This enigmatic passage distorts the accepted perception of time, offering a multilayered temporal construct which seeks to achieve transference of control while at the same time generating a climate of insecure reclusiveness and underprivileged substantiations of unclear history. The chronotopes initial manifestation in Invisible Man is done through the use of the fictional present. We are informed with great equanimity and familiarity that the narrator dwells in a coal cellar which is designed as a cocoon of self-banishment, an in-between world, a self -imposed Purgatory from which he can be emerge a new man, ready to confront his previous oppressors and the flawed systems that had spawned them. Time here contracts fissuring the containment of common meanings, creating a brave new nexus of darkened topography and supporting a cronosphere of intimidating and deliberate variation. The chronotope is the fulfiller of tradition, an astute element/method which defines our sense of community and social history. According to Mikhail Bakhtin, The chronotope is where the knots of narrative are tied and untied []. Time becomes, in effect, palpable and visible; the chronotope makes narrative events concrete, makes them take on flesh, causes blood to flow in their veins []. Thus the chronotope, functioning as the primary means for materializing time in space, emerges as a center for concretizing representation, as a force giving body to the entire novel. All the novels abstract elements philosophical and social generalizations, ideas, analyses of cause and effect gravitate towards the chronotope and through it take on flesh and blood, permitting the imaging power of art to do its work. (Bakhtin, 1981, 250) Time and space are inextricably intertwined with respect to the fundamental acknowledgement of uni